Overview
What is the focus of clinical history for the evaluation of hematuria?
What is included in the physical exam to evaluate hematuria?
Which lab tests are performed in the workup of hematuria?
Which imaging studies are performed in the workup of hematuria?
What is the role of biopsy in the workup of hematuria?
What are the ACP treatment guidelines for hematuria?
What is the pathophysiology of hematuria?
What is the prevalence of hematuria?
What is the mortality and morbidity associated with hematuria?
What are the racial predilections of hematuria?
What are the sexual predilections of hematuria?
Which age groups have the highest prevalence of hematuria?
Presentation
Which clinical history findings are characteristic of hematuria?
Which physical findings are characteristic of hematuria?
DDX
Which conditions are associated with hematuria in children?
What are the differential diagnoses for Hematuria?
Workup
What is the role of lab testing in the workup of hematuria?
What is the role of imaging studies in the workup of hematuria?
When is a kidney biopsy indicated in the workup of hematuria?
What is the role of cystoscopy in the workup of hematuria?
What is the role of skin biopsy in the workup of hematuria?
Which histologic findings are characteristic of hematuria?
What is microscopic hematuria with clinical symptoms?
What is asymptomatic microscopic hematuria with proteinuria?
What is asymptomatic microscopic (isolated) hematuria?
What are the AUA recommendations for additional screening following a diagnosis of hematuria?
Treatment
Which specialist consultations are beneficial to patients with hematuria?
How is asymptomatic microscopic (isolated) hematuria treated?
When is surgery indicated in the treatment of hematuria?
Which dietary modifications are used in the treatment of hematuria?
Which activity modifications are used in the treatment of hematuria?
Medications
What is the role of medications in the treatment of hematuria?
Follow-up
What is included in the long-term monitoring of hematuria?
What is the prognosis of hematuria?
What is included in patient education about hematuria?
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Approach to hematuria.
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Nonglomerular hematuria.
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Microscopy of urinary sediment. Typical appearance in non-glomerular hematuria: RBCs are uniform in size and shape but show two populations of cells because a small number have lost their hemoglobin pigment.
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Microscopy of urinary sediment. Typical appearance of RBCs in glomerular hematuria: RBCs are small and vary in size, shape, and hemoglobin content.
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Microscopy of urinary sediment. A cast containing numerous erythrocytes, indicating glomerulonephritis.