Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis) Questions & Answers

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2. Leung AKC, Barankin B, Leong KF. Henoch-Schönlein Purpura in Children: An Updated Review. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2020 May 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Peeters V, De Raeve L. Blistering eruptions in Henoch-Schönlein syndrome: more common than assumed. Eur J Pediatr. 2018 Apr. 177 (4):475-476. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Trapani S, Micheli A, Grisolia F, Resti M, Chiappini E, Falcini F, et al. Henoch Schonlein purpura in childhood: epidemiological and clinical analysis of 150 cases over a 5-year period and review of literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Dec. 35 (3):143-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Cheung KM, Mok F, Lam P, Chan KH. Pancreatitis associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. J Paediatr Child Health. 2001 Jun. 37 (3):311-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Ozen S, Pistorio A, Iusan SM, et al. EULAR/PRINTO/PRES criteria for Henoch-Schönlein purpura, childhood polyarteritis nodosa, childhood Wegener granulomatosis and childhood Takayasu arteritis: Ankara 2008. Part II: Final classification criteria. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 May. 69 (5):798-806. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Rigante D, Castellazzi L, Bosco A, Esposito S. Is there a crossroad between infections, genetics, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura?. Autoimmun Rev. 2013 Aug. 12 (10):1016-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Hočevar A, Rotar Z, Jurčić V, Pižem J, Čučnik S, Vizjak A, et al. IgA vasculitis in adults: the performance of the EULAR/PRINTO/PRES classification criteria in adults. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016 Mar 2. 18:58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Chen JY, Mao JH. Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children: incidence, pathogenesis and management. World J Pediatr. 2015 Feb. 11 (1):29-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Schönlein JL. Allgemeine und Specielle Pathologie und Therapie. 3rd ed. Herisau: 1837. Vol 2: 48.

11. Henoch EH. Uber eine eigentumliche Form von Purpura. Berl Klin Wochenschr. 1874. 11:641-3.

12. Blanco R, Martínez-Taboada VM, Rodríguez-Valverde V, García-Fuentes M, González-Gay MA. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in adulthood and childhood: two different expressions of the same syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1997 May. 40(5):859-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Trapani S, Micheli A, Grisolia F, Resti M, Chiappini E, Falcini F, et al. Henoch Schonlein purpura in childhood: epidemiological and clinical analysis of 150 cases over a 5-year period and review of literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Dec. 35(3):143-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Gardner-Medwin JM, Dolezalova P, Cummins C, Southwood TR. Incidence of Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, and rare vasculitides in children of different ethnic origins. Lancet. 2002 Oct 19. 360(9341):1197-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. González LM, Janniger CK, Schwartz RA. Pediatric Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Int J Dermatol. 2009 Nov. 48 (11):1157-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Lei WT, Tsai PL, Chu SH, Kao YH, Lin CY, Fang LC, et al. Incidence and risk factors for recurrent Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children from a 16-year nationwide database. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2018 Apr 16. 16 (1):25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Nielsen HE. Epidemiology of Schönlein-Henoch purpura. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1988 Jan. 77 (1):125-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Stewart M, Savage JM, Bell B, McCord B. Long term renal prognosis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in an unselected childhood population. Eur J Pediatr. 1988 Feb. 147 (2):113-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Yoshikawa N, Ito H, Yoshiya K, Nakahara C, Yoshiara S, Hasegawa O, et al. Henoch-Schoenlein nephritis and IgA nephropathy in children: a comparison of clinical course. Clin Nephrol. 1987 May. 27 (5):233-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Counahan R, Winterborn MH, White RH, Heaton JM, Meadow SR, Bluett NH, et al. Prognosis of Henoch-Schönlein nephritis in children. Br Med J. 1977 Jul 2. 2 (6078):11-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Bunchman TE, Mauer SM, Sibley RK, Vernier RL. Anaphylactoid purpura: characteristics of 16 patients who progressed to renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 1988 Oct. 2 (4):393-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Saulsbury FT. Epidemiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Cleve Clin J Med. 2002. 69 Suppl 2:SII87-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Kerr MA. The structure and function of human IgA. Biochem J. 1990 Oct 15. 271 (2):285-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Kiryluk K, Moldoveanu Z, Sanders JT, Eison TM, Suzuki H, Julian BA, et al. Aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 is inherited in both pediatric IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Kidney Int. 2011 Jul. 80 (1):79-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. Davin JC, Coppo R. Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014 Oct. 10 (10):563-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Suzuki H, Fan R, Zhang Z, Brown R, Hall S, Julian BA, et al. Aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 in IgA nephropathy patients is recognized by IgG antibodies with restricted heterogeneity. J Clin Invest. 2009 Jun. 119 (6):1668-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Smith AC, Molyneux K, Feehally J, Barratt J. O-glycosylation of serum IgA1 antibodies against mucosal and systemic antigens in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Dec. 17 (12):3520-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Allen AC, Willis FR, Beattie TJ, Feehally J. Abnormal IgA glycosylation in Henoch-Schönlein purpura restricted to patients with clinical nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998 Apr. 13 (4):930-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Gershoni-Baruch R, Broza Y, Brik R. Prevalence and significance of mutations in the familial Mediterranean fever gene in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J Pediatr. 2003 Nov. 143 (5):658-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Peru H, Soylemezoglu O, Gonen S, Cetinyurek A, Bakkaloğlu SA, Buyan N, et al. HLA class 1 associations in Henoch Schonlein purpura: increased and decreased frequencies. Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Jan. 27 (1):5-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Aliyazicioglu Y, Ozkaya O, Yakut H, et al. Leptin levels in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Mar. 26(3):371-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Yilmaz D, Kavakli K, Ozkayin N. The elevated markers of hypercoagulability in children with Henoch-Schonleinpurpura. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2005 Jan-Feb. 22(1):41-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Gedalia A. Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2004 Jun. 6(3):195-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Pillebout E, Thervet E, Hill G, Alberti C, Vanhille P, Nochy D. Henoch-Schönlein Purpura in adults: outcome and prognostic factors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 May. 13(5):1271-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Koskimies O, Mir S, Rapola J, Vilska J. Henoch-Schönlein nephritis: long-term prognosis of unselected patients. Arch Dis Child. 1981 Jun. 56 (6):482-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Bogdanovic R. Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children: risk factors, prevention and treatment. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Dec. 98(12):1882-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Davin JC, Ten Berge IJ, Weening JJ. What is the difference between IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis?. Kidney Int. 2001 Mar. 59 (3):823-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Levy M. Familial cases of Berger's disease and anaphylactoid purpura. Kidney Int. 2001 Oct. 60(4):1611-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Coppo R, Basolo B, Piccoli G, et al. IgA1 and IgA2 immune complexes in primary IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1984 Sep. 57(3):583-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Davin JC, Malaise M, Foidart J, Mahieu P. Anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies and immune complexes in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura or IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1987 May. 31(5):1132-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Jennette JC, Wieslander J, Tuttle R, Falk RJ. Serum IgA-fibronectin aggregates in patients with IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein purpura: diagnostic value and pathogenic implications. The Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991 Oct. 18(4):466-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Nader NS, Matsumoto JM, Lteif A. Cystic changes in the ovaries of a pre-pubertal girl with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2010 May. 23(5):517-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Calvo-Río V, Loricera J, Martín L, Ortiz-Sanjuán F, Alvarez L, González-Vela MC, et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis and IgA nephropathy: a comparative clinical study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013 Jan-Feb. 31(1 Suppl 75):S45-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Zhou JH, Huang AX, Liu TL. [A clinico-pathological study comparing Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis with IgA nephropathy in children]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2003 Nov. 41(11):808-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Rigante D, Castellazzi L, Bosco A, Esposito S. Is there a crossroad between infections, genetics, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura?. Autoimmun Rev. 2013 Aug. 12(10):1016-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Nikolaishvili M, Pazhava A, Di Lernia V. Viral Infections May Be Associated with Henoch-Schönlein Purpura. J Clin Med. 2023 Jan 16. 12 (2):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Hernando-Harder AC, Booken N, Goerdt S, Singer MV, Harder H. Helicobacter pylori infection and dermatologic diseases. Eur J Dermatol. 2009 Jun. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Hoshino C. Adult onset Schonlein-Henoch purpura associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Intern Med. 2009 May. 10:847-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Mytinger JR, Patterson JW, Thibault ES, Webb J, Saulsbury FT. Henoch-Schönlein purpura associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in a child. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008 Nov-Dec. 6:630-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Xiong LJ, Tong Y, Wang ZL, Mao M. Is Helicobacter pylori infection associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura in Chinese children? a meta-analysis. World J Pediatr. 2012 Nov. 8:301-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Oñate I, Ortiz M, Suso A, Mon C, Galindo K, Lentisco C, et al. IgA vasculitis with nephritis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura) after COVID-19: A case series and review of the literature. Nefrologia (Engl Ed). 2022 Jul-Aug. 42 (4):481-489. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Sugita K, Kaneko S, Hisada R, Harano M, Anno E, Hagiwara S, et al. Development of IgA vasculitis with severe glomerulonephritis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review. CEN Case Rep. 2022 Nov. 11 (4):436-441. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. Aktas B, Topcuoglu P, Kurt OK, Ensari A, Demirer T. Severe henoch-schonlein purpura induced by cytarabine. Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Apr. 4:792-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Uppal SS, Hussain MA, Al-Raqum HA, Nampoory MR, Al-Saeid K, Al-Assousi A, et al. Henoch-Schönlein's purpura in adults versus children/adolescents: A comparative study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006 Mar-Apr. 24 (2 Suppl 41):S26-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Chang WL, Yang YH, Wang LC, Lin YT, Chiang BL. Renal manifestations in Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a 10-year clinical study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005 Sep. 20 (9):1269-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. de Almeida JL, Campos LM, Paim LB, Leone C, Koch VH, Silva CA. Renal involvement in Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a multivariate analysis of initial prognostic factors. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007 May-Jun. 83 (3):259-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Mohey H, Laurent B, Mariat C, Berthoux F. Validation of the absolute renal risk of dialysis/death in adults with IgA nephropathy secondary to Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a monocentric cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2013 Aug 1. 14:169. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Watts RA, Hatemi G, Burns JC, Mohammad AJ. Global epidemiology of vasculitis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022 Jan. 18 (1):22-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

59. Bazina M, Glavina-Durdov M, Scukanec-Spoljar M, et al. Epidemiology of renal disease in children in the region of Southern Croatia: A 10-year review of regional renal biopsy databases. Med Sci Monit. 2007 Mar 27. 13(4):CR172-176. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Suehiro RM, Soares BS, Eisencraft AP, Campos LM, Silva CA. Acute hemorrhagic edema of childhood. Turk J Pediatr. 2007 Apr-Jun. 49(2):189-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Al Sufyani MA. Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: unusual scarring and review of the English language literature. Int J Dermatol. 2009 Jun. 6:617-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Audemard-Verger A, Pillebout E, Guillevin L, Thervet E, Terrier B. IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Shönlein purpura) in adults: Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Autoimmun Rev. 2015 Jul. 14 (7):579-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Romero-Gómez C, Aguilar-García JA, García-de-Lucas MD, Cotos-Canca R, Olalla-Sierra J, García-Alegría JJ, et al. Epidemiological study of primary systemic vasculitides among adults in southern Spain and review of the main epidemiological studies. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015 Mar-Apr. 33 (2 Suppl 89):S-11-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Haugeberg G, Bie R, Bendvold A, et al. Primary vasculitis in a Norwegian community hospital: a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 1998. 17(5):364-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Chen O, Zhu XB, Ren P, Wang YB, Sun RP, Wei DE. Henoch Schonlein Purpura in children: clinical analysis of 120 cases. Afr Health Sci. 2013 Mar. 13(1):94-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

66. Ghrahani R, Ledika MA, Sapartini G, Setiabudiawan B. Age of onset as a risk factor of renal involvement in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Asia Pac Allergy. 2014 Jan. 4(1):42-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

67. Hennies I, Gimpel C, Gellermann J, et al. Presentation of pediatric Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis changes with age and renal histology depends on biopsy timing. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017 Oct 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Pabunruang W, Treepongkaruna S, Tangnararatchakit K, et al. Henoch-Schonlein purpura: clinical manifestations and long-term outcomes in Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 Nov. 85 Suppl 4:S1213-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Lin SJ, Huang JL. Henoch-Schonlein purpura in Chinese children and adults. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1998 Mar. 16(1):21-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Anil M, Aksu N, Kara OD, et al. Henoch-Schonlein purpura in children from western Turkey: a retrospective analysis of 430 cases. Turk J Pediat. 51. 2009:429-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Chen YH, Lin TY, Chen CJ, Chen LK, Jan RH. Familial cases of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in Taiwanese Aborigines. Pediatr Neonatol. 2012 Oct. 53:320-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Calvo-Rio V, Hernandez JL, Ortiz-Sanjuan F, et al. Relapses in patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura: Analysis of 417 patients from a single center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Jul. 95 (28):e4217. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

73. Narchi H. Risk of long term renal impairment and duration of follow up recommended for Henoch-Schonlein purpura with normal or minimal urinary findings: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2005 Sep. 90(9):916-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

74. McCarthy HJ, Tizard EJ. Clinical practice: Diagnosis and management of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Eur J Pediatr. 2010 Jun. 169(6):643-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Thrash B, Patel M, Shah KR, Boland CR, Menter A. Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal disease: part II. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Feb. 68(2):211.e1-33; quiz 244-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Chan KH, Tang WY, Lo KK. Bullous lesions in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007 May-Jun. 24(3):325-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Prathiba Rajalakshmi P, Srinivasan K. Gastrointestinal manifestations of Henoch-Schonlein purpura: A report of two cases. World J Radiol. 2015 Mar 28. 7 (3):66-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

78. Kim CJ, Chung HY, Kim SY, et al. Acute appendicitis in Henoch-Schonlein purpura: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 2005 Oct. 20(5):899-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Bilici S, Akgun C, Melek M, et al. Acute appendicitis in two children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2012. 32(4):244-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Ha TS, Lee JS. Scrotal involvement in childhood Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Acta Paediatr. 2007 Apr. 96(4):552-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Ozkaya O, Bek K, Alaca N, et al. Cerebral vasculitis in a child with Henoch-Schonlein purpura and familial Mediterranean fever. Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Oct. 26(10):1729-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Helbling R, Lava SA, Simonetti GD, Camozzi P, Bianchetti MG, Milani GP. Gallbladder and Pancreas in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura: Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016 Mar. 62 (3):457-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Takeuchi S, Soma Y, Kawakami T. IgM in lesional skin of adults with Henoch-Schönlein purpura is an indication of renal involvement. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Dec. 63(6):1026-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Dhanjal S, Saso A, Eleftheriou D, Laurent S. Necrotic cutaneous vasculitic skin lesions: a case of atypical Henoch-Schönlein purpura in a child with heterozygosity for factor V Leiden. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 May 22. 2017:[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

85. ALLEN DM, DIAMOND LK, HOWELL DA. Anaphylactoid purpura in children (Schonlein-Henoch syndrome): review with a follow-up of the renal complications. AMA J Dis Child. 1960 Jun. 99:833-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Prais D, Amir J, Nussinovitch M. Recurrent Henoch-Schonlein purpura in children. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Feb. 13(1):25-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Szeto CC, Choi PC, To KF, et al. Grading of acute and chronic renal lesions in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Mod Pathol. 2001 Jul. 14(7):635-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Jauhola O, Ronkainen J, Koskimies O, Ala-Houhala M, Arikoski P, Holtta T, et al. Renal manifestations of Henoch-Schonlein purpura in a 6-month prospective study of 223 children. Arch Dis Child. 2010 Nov. 95(11):877-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Makay B, Turkyilmaz Z, Duman M, Unsal E. Mean platelet volume in Henoch-Schonlein purpura: relationship to gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Oct. 28(10):1225-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Soyer T, Egritas O, Atmaca E, Akman H, Ozturk H, Tezic T. Acute pancreatitis: a rare presenting feature of Henoch Schonlein purpura. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008 Mar. 3:152-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Zhang Q, Guo Q, Gui M, Ren Z, Hu B, Lu L, et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura with acute pancreatitis: analysis of 13 cases. BMC Pediatr. 2018 May 11. 18 (1):159. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

92. Cho CS, Min JK, Park SH, Yang HI, Lee SH, Choi YJ, et al. Protein losing enteropathy associated with Henoch-Schönlein purpura in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1996. 25 (5):334-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Tudorache E, Azema C, Hogan J, Wannous H, Aoun B, Decramer S, et al. Even mild cases of paediatric Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis show significant long-term proteinuria. Acta Paediatr. 2015 Aug. 104 (8):843-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Lee YH, Kim YB, Koo JW, Chung JY. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura in Children Hospitalized at a Tertiary Hospital during 2004-2015 in Korea: Epidemiology and Clinical Management. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2016 Sep. 19 (3):175-185. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

95. Chang WL, Yang YH, Lin YT, Chiang BL. Gastrointestinal manifestations in Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a review of 261 patients. Acta Paediatr. 2004 Nov. 93 (11):1427-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Allen AC, Willis FR, Beattie TJ, Feehally J. Abnormal IgA glycosylation in Henoch-Schönlein purpura restricted to patients with clinical nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998 Apr. 13 (4):930-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Lau KK, Wyatt RJ, Moldoveanu Z, Tomana M, Julian BA, Hogg RJ, et al. Serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA in children with IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Dec. 22 (12):2067-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Coppo R, Andrulli S, Amore A, et al. Predictors of outcome in Henoch-Schonlein nephritis in children and adults. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006 Jun. 47(6):993-1003. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Matayoshi T, Omi T, Sakai N, Kawana S. Clinical significance of blood coagulation factor XIII activity in adult Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J Nippon Med Sch. 2013. 80(4):268-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Prenzel F, Pfaffle R, Thiele F, Schuster V. Decreased factor XIII activity during severe Henoch-Schoenlein purpura -- does it play a role?. Klin Padiatr. 2006 May-Jun. 218(3):174-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Shin JI, Lee JS. Could measurement of factor XIII level detect the vasculitic process of Henoch-Schonlein purpura without skin rash. Acta Paediatr. 2008 Apr. 4:395. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Nchimi A, Khamis J, Paquot I, Bury F, Magotteaux P. Significance of bowel wall abnormalities at ultrasound in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Jan. 46(1):48-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Fidan K, Kandur Y, Ucar M, Gucuyener K, Soylemezoglu O. Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Henoch-Schonlein Purpura and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. J Clin Med Res. 2016 Jul. 8 (7):544-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

104. O'Brien WM, O'Connor KP, Horan JJ, Eggli DF, Gibbons MD. Acute scrotal swelling in Henoch-Schonlein syndrome: evaluation with testicular scanning. Urology. 1993 Apr. 41(4):366-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Chartapisak W, Opastiraku S, Willis NS, Craig JC, Hodson EM. Prevention and treatment of renal disease in Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2009 Feb. 94(2):132-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Saulsbury FT. Clinical update: Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24. 369(9566):976-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Huber AM, King J, McLaine P, Klassen T, Pothos M. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of prednisone in early Henoch Schönlein Purpura [ISRCTN85109383]. BMC Med. 2004 Apr 2. 2:7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

108. Chartapisak W, Opastirakul S, Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009. Chartapisak W, Opastirakul S, Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC:CD005128. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Ronkainen J, Koskimies O, Ala-Houhala M, Antikainen M, Merenmies J, Rajantie J, et al. Early prednisone therapy in Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2006 Aug. 149(2):241-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Bowman P, Quinn M. Question 1: Should steroids be used to treat abdominal pain caused by Henoch-Schonlein purpura?. Arch Dis Child. 2012 Nov. 97(11):999-1000. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Faedda R, Pirisi M, Satta A, et al. Regression of Henoch-Schonlein disease with intensive immunosuppressive treatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 Nov. 60(5):576-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Ohtsuka T. Successful oral cyclosporin therapy for Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephropathy. J Dermatol. 2009 May. 36(5):314-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

113. [Guideline] Anstey AV, Wakelin S, Reynolds NJ. Guidelines for prescribing azathioprine in dermatology. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Dec. 151(6):1123-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

114. Zaffanello M, Brugnara M, Franchini M. Therapy for children with henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis: a systematic review. ScientificWorldJournal. 2007. 7:20-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Rajendra Bhimma, MBChB, MD, PhD, DCH (SA), FCP(Paeds)(SA), MMed(Natal) Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Principal Specialist, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Rajendra Bhimma, MBChB, MD, PhD, DCH (SA), FCP(Paeds)(SA), MMed(Natal) is a member of the following medical societies: African Association of Nephrology, American Association for the Advancement of Science, International Pediatric Nephrology Association, International Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation, South African Medical Association, South African Paediatric Association, South African Renal Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Louansha Nandlal, PhD, MS Research Assistant, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Louansha Nandlal, PhD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: Golden Key International Honour Society, International AIDS Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Craig B Langman, MD Tenured Professor of Pediatrics, The First Isaac A Abt, MD, Professor of Kidney Diseases (Emeritus), Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine; Staff Nephrologist, The Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago

Craig B Langman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, Association of Clinical Scientists, Cochrane Collaboration, International Bone and Mineral Society, International Conferences on Calcium Regulating Hormones, International Pediatric Nephrology Association, International Society of Nephrology, International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism, Midwest Society for Pediatric Research, Pediatric Academic Societies, ROCK (Research on Calculus Kinetics) Society, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Alexion Pharmaceuticals; Horizon Pharmaceuticals); ; Dicerna Pharmaceuticals<br/>Incyte Pharmaceuticals; Eli Lilly for: Federation bio; Dicerna pharmaceuticals.

Noah S Scheinfeld, JD, MD, FAAD † Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Weil Cornell Medical College; Consulting Staff, Department of Dermatology, St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; Assistant Attending Dermatologist, New York Presbyterian Hospital; Assistant Attending Dermatologist, Lenox Hill Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System; Private Practice

Noah S Scheinfeld, JD, MD, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Elena L Jones, MD Clinical Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Clinic Chief, Department of Dermatology, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center

Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Philip Bossart, MD Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah Hospital, University of Utah School of Medicine

Philip Bossart, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, LeConte Medical Center

Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pamela L Dyne, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine/Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Pamela L Dyne, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gina M Forte Medical Assistant, The Skin Cancer Surgery Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edmond A Hooker II, MD, DrPH, FAAEM Associate Professor, Department of Health Services Administration, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio; Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

Edmond A Hooker II, MD, DrPH, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Public Health Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Heather Kesler DeVore, MD Assistant Professor, Clinical Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital and Washington Hospital Center

Heather Kesler DeVore, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Emergency Medicine Residents Association and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrew D Montemarano, DO Consulting Staff, The Skin Cancer Surgery Center

Andrew D Montemarano, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Mohs Micrographic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, and MedChi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard Neiberger, MD, PhD Director of Pediatric Renal Stone Disease Clinic, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Florida College of Medicine and Shands Hospital

Richard Neiberger, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Federation for Medical Research, American Medical Association, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, Christian Medical & Dental Society, Florida Medical Association, International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis, International Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation, New York Academy of Sciences, Shock Society, Sigma Xi, Southern Medical Association, Southern Society for Pediatric Research, and Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Julia R Nunley, MD Professor, Program Director, Dermatology Residency, Department of Dermatology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center

Julia R Nunley, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, Medical Dermatology Society, Medical Society of Virginia, National Kidney Foundation, Phi Beta Kappa, and Women's Dermatologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Stacy Sawtelle, MD Clinical Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Debra Slapper, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, St Anthony's Hospital

Debra Slapper, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Adrian Spitzer, MD Clinical Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Adrian Spitzer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Federation for Medical Research, American Pediatric Society, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Michael J Wells, MD Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine

Michael J Wells, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert J Willard, MD Dermatologist and Mohs Surgeon, Private Practice, Dermatology and Mohs Surgery Center, PC

Robert J Willard, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Mohs Micrographic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology, and American Society for Dermatologic Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Wayne Wolfram, MD, MPH Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mercy St Vincent Medical Center; Chairman, Pediatric Institutional Review Board, Mercy St Vincent Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio

Wayne Wolfram, MD, MPH, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Timothy Woodley, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California

David Timothy Woodley, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Clinical Investigation, New York Academy of Medicine, Society for Investigative Dermatology, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Lotus Tissue Repair Ownership interest owner and advisor

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