Overview
What is the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What are the signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
How is chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosed in children?
How is chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children treated?
What is chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
How is chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children defined?
What causes chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the US prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What are the sexual predilections of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children based on age?
What are the racial predilections of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the role of genetics in the etiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the prognosis for of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is included in patient education about of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
Presentation
Which clinical history findings are characteristic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
Which physical exam findings are characteristic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
How is chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children staged?
DDX
Which symptoms may be early indications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What are the differential diagnoses for Chronic Kidney Disease in Children?
Workup
Which tests are performed in the diagnostic evaluation for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the role of urine studies in the workup for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the initial urine testing for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
How is proteinuria calculated in the workup for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the role of ultrasonography in the workup for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the role of radionuclide studies in the workup for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the role of pyelography in the workup for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is the role of a skeletal survey in the workup for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
When is a renal biopsy indicated in the workup for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
Which histologic findings are characteristic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
Treatment
What is included in the evaluation and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What are the common reversible causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
Which interventions are used to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
Which specialist consultations are beneficial for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
How is anemia managed in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
How are bone complications managed in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
How are cardiovascular complications managed in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
How are dyslipidemias managed in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
How is hypertension managed in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
How is metabolic acidosis managed in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
How are growth complications managed in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
What are the energy requirements for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
What are the protein requirements for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
What are the phosphorus and calcium requirements for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
What are the potassium requirements for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
What are the sodium and fluid requirements for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
What is the role of surgery in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children?
What is included in the long-term monitoring of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Medications
Which medications are contraindicated for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
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Major clinical predictors to be used for the perioperative management of a patient with chronic renal failure. CHF = congestive heart failure.
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Intermediate clinical predictors to be used for the perioperative management of a patient with chronic renal failure. CHF = congestive heart failure; METs = metabolic equivalents of task; MI = myocardial infarction.
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Minor clinical predictors to be used for the perioperative management of a patient with chronic renal failure. ECG = electrocardiogram; METs = metabolic equivalents of task.
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Hands of a transfusion-dependent patient on long-term hemodialysis. Several uremia-related cutaneous disorders are visible. The pigmentary alteration results from retained urochromes and hemosiderin deposition. The large bullae are consistent with either porphyria cutanea tarda or the bullous disease of dialysis. All nails show the distal brown-red and proximal white coloring of half-and-half nails.